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Fourth Quarter Science Vocabulary - Sixth Grade - Mr. Benton Directions: click on the words to see a definition Printable version 1st Qtr. 2nd Qtr. 3rd Qtr.
chromosome- a structure in a cell's nucleus that is made of DNA and which transfers hereditary information to the next generation allele - a section of one chromosome that codes for a trait and corresponds to an allele on the other chromosome of the homologous pair. The two alleles that code for the same feature on a homologous pair of chromosomes make up a gene. gene - matching sections (alleles) of a pair of chromosomes that carry a chemical code for features of organisms dominant, recessive - in genetics, dominant refers to the form of a gene that is expressed or shows up whenever it is present and recessive is the form of the gene that doesn't show up unless there is no dominant gene present genotype, phenotype - 'genotype' refers to the letters that represent the genes of a trait of an organism, for example: TT is the genotype for tall pea plants. 'Phenotype' means the actual trait that is expressed, for example: 'tall' is a phenotype in pea plants heterozygous gene, homozygous gene - heterozygous genes have two different alleles, one dominant and one recessive, for example: Tt, Aa, Ff; homozygous genes have two identical alleles, for example, both dominant or both recessive: TT, aa, FF, ff homologous pair - two "matching" chromosomes, one originally from the male parent, one originally from the female parent, which code for the same features but which may have differences (dominant or recessive) ratio - a comparison of two numbers, for example, if there are 3 striped larkeys and 1 spotted larkey, the ratio is 3:1 Punnett square - a diagram which shows the possible offspring genotypes when two particular parents breed heredity - the passing on of traits from one generation to the next partial dominance - type of inherited characteristic in which a heterozygous gene results in a trait unlike the dominant trait or the recessive trait, for example the larkey fur pattern: Ff (heterozygous) results in solid patterned fur rather than striped (dominant) or spotted (recessive). selective breeding - humans choosing to breed organisms for their beneficial characteristics natural selection - process that allows well-adapted organisms to survive and reproduce genome - the complete set of genes of an organism. The human genome project has cataloged 30000 human genes. mitosis / meiosis- two types of cell division (reproduction). Mitosis occurs in all body cells and results in two complete duplicate cells organ – a group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function. system – made up of parts that work together for the benefit of the whole. A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. responding variable – The changes or results that are observed and measured. All experiments must have one responding variable. manipulated variable – The variable I chose to change during the experiment. All experiments must have one manipulated variable. constant variables – all variables that are kept the same during the experiment. Experiments usually have many controlled variables. mucus – a slippery secretion that coats the inner walls of the digestive tract. It helps food slide down and is also a form of protection. sphincter – a ring of muscles at the beginning and end of the digestive tract. Sphincters are located in between organs and make sure that food only goes in a one-way direction. peristalsis – the wave-like motion of the digestive tract that moves food through. mechanical digestion - the breaking apart of food by the action of teeth, tongue and muscles of the digestive tract chemical digestion - the breaking down of food particles by the action of acids and enzymes in the digestive tract bolus - chewed ball of food in the mouth amylase- an enzyme in the mouth that breaks down starch into sugar enzyme - a protein that speeds chemical reactions in digestion esophagus - tube in the throat that leads from the mouth to the stomach salivary glands - three pairs of glands around the mouth that produce saliva pepsin - an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins gastric juice - a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin found in the stomach protein - one of three basic food groups, needed for building tissues, found in meat, egg whites, nuts, beans and grains. All enzymes are also proteins. indicator - a substance that changes in some way when in the presence of another substance. Ex.: benedict's solution turns red in the presence of sugar. fiber - indigestible carbohydrates that stimulate peristalsis in the intestine, helping move food and waste through the digestive system chyme - the pulpy mixture of food and gastric juices in the stomach diffusion - the process in which molecules move from places where they are more concentrated to places where they are less concentrated active transport - the process in which energy in a cell is used to move materials across or through a membrane passive transport - the process in which molecules move through a membrane by diffusion, without using energy from the cell (passive transport is another name for diffusion when it occurs through a membrane) duodenum - the first 25 centimeters of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion occurs pancreas - a gland situated near the stomach that secretes digestive fluids into the small intestine to further digest carbohydrates and proteins gall bladder - a gland which secretes bile into the duodenum to help digest fats
epiglottis - a flap of tissue that covers the opening of the trachea when we swallow food, but which opens to allow air into the lungs when we breathe trachea - the windpipe, a tube that leads from the throat to the lungs bronchi - two branches of the trachea that lead to each of the lungs, then alveoli - tiny sacs in the lungs through which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place diaphragm - a large flat muscle below the lungs that helps draw air into the lungs bronchiole - small branches off of the bronchi that end in alveoli artery - blood vessel that carries blood away from the heat vein - blood vessel that carries blood back towards the heart capillary - the smallest blood vessels, through which gases and nutrients diffuse atrium - the "receiving" chamber of the heart where blood enters the heart. There are two atria in the heart, the left atrium receives blood back from the lungs, the right atrium receives blood back from the rest of the body ventricle - the "pumping:" chamber of the heart. There are two ventricles in the heart, the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, the left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. aorta - the largest artery of the body, which carries blood from the left ventricle to the entire body vena cava - the largest vein in the body, which collects oxygen-poor blood in the right atrium valve - flaps of tissue in the heart and in veins that regulate the flow and direction of blood flow in the body blood cells - three types of living cells in human blood: red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help in healing wounds cellular respiration - a form of oxidation occurring in cells, in which food molecules combine with oxygen to release energy and give off waste input/output - the ingredients (inputs) and the products (outputs) of scientific processes
76. chromosome - a structure in a cell's nucleus that is made of DNA and which transfers hereditary information to the next generation
77. allele - a section of one chromosome that codes for a trait and corresponds to an allele on the other chromosome of the homologous pair. The two alleles that code for the same feature on a homologous pair of chromosomes make up a gene.
78. gene - matching sections (alleles) of a pair of chromosomes that carry a chemical code for features of organisms
79. dominant, recessive - in genetics, dominant refers to the form of a gene that is expressed or shows up whenever it is present and recessive is the form of the gene that doesn't show up unless there is no dominant gene present
80. genotype, phenotype - genotype refers to the letters that represent the genes of a trait of an organism, for example: TT is the genotype for tall pea plants. Phenotype means the trait that is expressed, for example: 'tall' is a phenotype in pea plants
81. heterozygous gene, homozygous gene - heterozygous genes have two different alleles, one dominant and one recessive, for example: Tt, Aa, Ff; homozygous genes have two identical alleles, for example, both dominant or both recessive: TT, aa, FF, ff
82. homologous pair - two "matching" chromosomes, one originally from the male parent, one originally from the female parent, which code for the same features but which may have differences (dominant or recessive)
83. ratio - a comparison of two numbers, for example, if there are 3 striped larkeys and 1 spotted larkey, the ratio is 3:1
84. Punnett square - a diagram which shows the possible offspring genotypes when two particular parents breed
85. heredity - the passing on of traits from one generation to the next
86. partial dominance - type of inherited characteristic in which a heterozygous gene results in a trait unlike the dominant trait or the recessive trait, for example the larkey fur pattern: Ff (heterozygous) results in solid patterned fur rather than striped (dominant) or spotted (recessive).
87. selective breeding - humans choosing to breed organisms for their beneficial characteristics
88. natural selection - process in nature that allows well-adapted organisms to survive and reproduce and reduces the probability that poorly-adapted organisms will survive
89. genome - the complete set of genes of an organism. The human genome project has cataloged 30000 human genes.
90. mitosis, meiosis - two types of cell division (reproduction). Mitosis occurs in all body cells and results in two complete duplicate cells; meiosis creates sex cells with only half of each chromosome pair
responding variable – The changes or results that are observed and measured. All experiments must have one responding variable.
manipulated variable – The variable I chose to change during the experiment. All experiments must have one manipulated variable.
constant variables – all variables that are kept the same during the experiment. Experiments usually have many controlled variables.
organ – a group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.
system – made up of parts that work together for the benefit of the whole. A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
96. mucus – a slippery secretion that coats the inner walls of the digestive tract. It helps food slide down and is also a form of protection.
97. sphincter – a ring of muscles at the beginning and end of the digestive tract. Sphincters are located in between organs and make sure that food only goes in a one-way direction.
98. peristalsis – the wave-like motion of the digestive tract that moves food through.
99. mechanical digestion - the breaking apart of food by the action of teeth, tongue and muscles of the digestive tract
100. chemical digestion - the breaking down of food particles by the action of acids and enzymes in the digestive tract
101. bolus - chewed ball of food in the mouth
102. amylase- an enzyme in the mouth (in saliva) that breaks down starch into sugar
103. enzyme - a protein that speeds chemical reactions in digestion
104. esophagus - tube in the throat that leads from the mouth to the stomach
105. salivary glands - three pairs of glands around the mouth that produce saliva
pepsin - an enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins
gastric juice - a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin found in the stomach
protein - one of three basic food groups, needed for building tissues, found in meat, egg whites, nuts, beans and grains. All enzymes are also proteins.
indicator - a substance that changes in some way when in the presence of another substance. Ex.: benedict's solution turns red in the presence of sugar.
fiber - indigestible carbohydrates that stimulate peristalsis in the intestine, helping move food and waste through the digestive system
chyme - the pulpy mixture of food and gastric juices in the stomach
diffusion - the process in which molecules move from places where they are more concentrated to places where they are less concentrated
passive transport - the process in which molecules move through a membrane by diffusion, without using energy from the cell (passive transport is another name for diffusion when it occurs through a membrane)
active transport - the process in which energy in a cell is used to move materials across or through a membrane
duodenum - the first 25 centimeters of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion occurs
pancreas - a gland situated near the stomach that secretes digestive fluids into the small intestine to further digest carbohydrates and proteins
gall bladder - a gland which secretes bile into the duodenum to help digest fats
chyme - the pulpy mixture of food and gastric juices in the stomach
diffusion - the process in which molecules move from places where they are more concentrated to places where they are less concentrated
active transport - the process in which energy in a cell is used to move materials across or through a membrane
passive transport - the process in which molecules move through a membrane by diffusion, without using energy from the cell (passive transport is another name for diffusion when it occurs through a membrane)
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